Dyslexia is one of the most common learning differences. It affects how a person learns to read, spell, and sometimes write. It has nothing to do with intelligence or effort—dyslexic individuals are often bright, creative, and capable. Their brains simply process written language in a different way.

Dyslexic individuals may find it harder to:

  • Hear and work with the sounds in words (phonological awareness)
  • Break words into sounds and blend them together when reading
  • Read smoothly and spell accurately
  • Sometimes manage related skills such as working memory and processing speed

Because of these challenges, reading and writing can feel slow, tiring, or frustrating even when dyslexic individuals are motivated and receiving good instruction. With the right support, dyslexic individuals can build confidence, develop strong skills, and thrive in learning and everyday life.

The New Delphi Definition of Dyslexia

In 2025, a panel of international experts came together to agree on a shared definition of dyslexia using the Delphi method—a structured process designed to build clarity and consistency.

They defined dyslexia as:

“A set of processing difficulties that affect the acquisition of reading and spelling. In dyslexia, some or all aspects of literacy attainment are weaker than expected for a person’s age, level of teaching, and other abilities. Across languages and age groups, difficulties with reading fluency and spelling are key features of dyslexia. Dyslexic difficulties exist on a continuum and can vary in severity. The most commonly observed cognitive difficulty is phonological processing, but working memory, processing speed, and orthographic skills may also play a role.”
(Source: patoss-dyslexia.org)

What this means in practice:

  • Dyslexia is not caused by poor teaching or lack of effort
  • It often runs in families and reflects a mix of genetic and environmental factors
  • It can co-occur with other learning differences, such as ADHD or dyscalculia
  • Dyslexia affects people in different ways and to different degrees

This definition highlights that dyslexia is complex, lifelong, and highly individual—but with the right understanding and support, dyslexic individuals can succeed and thrive.